Linezolid interactions

Food & lifestyle

• Tyrosine-rich foods

  Major

  Synergy

  Foods that contain large amounts of tyramine may precipitate a hypertensive crisis in patients treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The mechanism is inhibition of MAO-A, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing exogenous amines such as tyramine in the gut and preventing them from being absorbed intact. Once absorbed, tyramine is metabolized to octopamine, a substance that is believed to displace norepinephrine from storage granules.

  What to do: In general, patients treated with MAOIs or other agents that possess MAOI activity (e.g., furazolidone, linezolid, procarbazine) should avoid consumption of products that contain large amounts of amines and protein foods in which aging or breakdown of protein is used to increase flavor. These foods include cheese (particularly strong, aged or processed cheeses), sour cream, wine (particularly red wine), champagne, beer, pickled herring, anchovies, caviar, shrimp paste, liver (particularly chicken liver), dry sausage, salamis, figs, raisins, bananas, avocados, chocolate, soy sauce, bean curd, sauerkraut, yogurt, papaya products, meat tenderizers, fava bean pods, protein extracts, yeast extracts, and dietary supplements. Caffeine may also precipitate hypertensive crisis so its intake should be minimized as well. At least 14 days should elapse following discontinuation of MAOI therapy before these foods may be consumed. Specially designed reference materials and dietary consultation are recommended so that an appropriate and safe diet can be planned. Patients should be advised to promptly seek medical attention if they experience potential signs and symptoms of a hypertensive crisis such as severe headache, visual disturbances, difficulty thinking, stupor or coma, seizures, chest pain, unexplained nausea or vomiting, and stroke-like symptoms. Patients should also be counseled not to use MAOIs with alcohol, and to avoid hazardous activities requiring complete mental alertness and motor coordination until they know how these agents affect them.

  19 sources

  1. Pettinger WA, Soyangco FG, Oates JA "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase in man by furazolidone." Clin Pharmacol Ther 9 (1968): 442-7
  2. Goldberg LI "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: adverse reactions and possible mechanisms." JAMA 190 (1964): 456-62
  3. Nuessle WF, Norman FC, Miller HE "Pickled herring and tranylcypromine reaction." JAMA 192 (1965): 142-3
  4. Sweet RA, Liebowitz MR, Holt CS, Heimberg RG "Potential interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and prescribed dietary supplements." J Clin Psychopharmacol 11 (1991): 331-2
  5. Walker JI, Davidson J, Zung WWK "Patient compliance with MAO Inhibitor therapy." J Clin Psychiatry 45 (1984): 78-80
  6. Ban TA "Drug interactions with psychoactive drugs." Dis Nerv Syst 36 (1975): 164-6
  7. Darcy PF, Griffin JP "Interactions with drugs used in the treatment of depressive illness." Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 14 (1995): 211-31
  8. Maxwell MB "Reexamining the dietary restrictions with procarbazine (an MAOI)." Cancer Nurs 3 (1980): 451-7

  Show all 19 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Matulane (procarbazine)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  10. De Vita VT, Hahn MA, Oliverio VT "Monoamine oxidase inhibition by a new carcinostatic agent, n-isopropyl-a-(2-methylhydrazino)-p-toluamide (MIH). (30590)." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 120 (1965): 561-5
  11. Zetin M, Plon L, DeAntonio M "MAOI reaction with powdered protein dietary supplement." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 499
  12. Domino EF, Selden EM "Red wine and reactions." J Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (1984): 173-4
  13. Tailor SA, Shulman KI, Walker SE, Moss J, Gardner D "Hypertensive episode associated with phenelzine and tap beer--a reanalysis of the role of pressor amines in beer." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 5-14
  14. Pohl R, Balon R, Berchou R "Reaction to chicken nuggets in a patient taking an MAOI." Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988): 651
  15. "Product Information. Furoxone (furazolidone)." Roberts Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Nardil (phenelzine)." Parke-Davis (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Marplan (isocarboxazid)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  19. Martin TG "Serotonin syndrome." Ann Emerg Med 28 (1996): 520-6

Conditions

Conditions in which Linezolid needs care, as documented in this source.

• Bone Marrow Failure Disorders

  Major

  Reversible myelosuppression, including anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia, has been reported during postmarketing use of linezolid, although a causal relationship has not been established. Thrombocytopenia was also reported in phase 3 comparator-controlled trials at dosages up to and including 600 mg every 12 hours for up to 28 days, and bleeding events were identified in thrombocytopenic patients in a compassionate use program for linezolid. Therapy with linezolid should be administered cautiously in patients with preexisting blood dyscrasias and in patients receiving concomitant medications that may produce myelosuppression. Complete blood counts should be monitored weekly, particularly if linezolid is administered for longer than 2 weeks. Discontinuation of therapy should be considered in patients who develop or have worsening myelosuppression.

  6 sources

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  2. Clemett D, Markham A "Linezolid." Drugs 59 (2000): 815-27
  3. Lawyer MC, Lawyer EZ "Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression." JAMA 286 (2001): 1974
  4. Arellano FM "Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression." JAMA 286 (2001): 1973-4; discussion 1974
  5. Abena PA, Mathieux VG, Scheiff JM, Michaux LM, Vandercam BC "Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression." JAMA 286 (2001): 1973; discussion 1974
  6. Green SL, Maddox JC, Huttenbach ED "Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression." JAMA 285 (2001): 1291

• Colitis

  Major

  Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), formerly pseudomembranous colitis, has been reported with almost all antibacterial drugs and may range from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. The most common culprits include clindamycin and lincomycin. Antibacterial therapy alters the normal flora of the colon, leading to overgrowth of C difficile, whose toxins A and B contribute to CDAD development. Morbidity and mortality are increased with hypertoxin-producing strains of C difficile; these infections can be resistant to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea after antibacterial use. Since CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after antibacterial use, careful medical history is necessary. Therapy with broad-spectrum antibacterials and other agents with significant antibacterial activity should be administered cautiously in patients with history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis; pseudomembranous colitis (generally characterized by severe, persistent diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps, and sometimes associated with the passage of blood and mucus), if it occurs, may be more severe in these patients and may be associated with flares in underlying disease activity. Antibacterial drugs not directed against C difficile may need to be stopped if CDAD is suspected or confirmed. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C difficile, and surgical evaluation should be started as clinically indicated.

  31 sources

  1. "Product Information. Omnipen (ampicillin)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Ceftin (cefuroxime)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Zinacef (cefuroxime)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Cleocin (clindamycin)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Macrobid (nitrofurantoin)." Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Macrodantin (nitrofurantoin)." Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Amoxil (amoxicillin)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Merrem (meropenem)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals (2001):

  Show all 31 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral (colistimethate)." Parke-Davis (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Lincocin (lincomycin)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Cubicin (daptomycin)." Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc (2003):
  12. "Product Information. Xifaxan (rifaximin)." Salix Pharmaceuticals (2004):
  13. "Product Information. Doribax (doripenem)." Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical (2007):
  14. "Product Information. Penicillin G Procaine (procaine penicillin)." Monarch Pharmaceuticals Inc (2009):
  15. "Product Information. Vibativ (telavancin)." Theravance Inc (2009):
  16. "Product Information. Teflaro (ceftaroline)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2010):
  17. "Product Information. Penicillin G Sodium (penicillin G sodium)." Sandoz Inc (2022):
  18. "Product Information. Dalvance (dalbavancin)." Durata Therapeutics, Inc. (2014):
  19. "Product Information. Orbactiv (oritavancin)." The Medicines Company (2014):
  20. "Product Information. Bicillin C-R (benzathine penicillin-procaine penicillin)." A-S Medication Solutions (2017):
  21. "Product Information. Baxdela (delafloxacin)." Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (2017):
  22. "Product Information. Polymyxin B Sulfate (polymyxin B sulfate)." AuroMedics Pharma LLC (2022):
  23. "Product Information. Zemdri (plazomicin)." Achaogen (2018):
  24. "Product Information. Seysara (sarecycline)." Allergan Inc (2018):
  25. "Product Information. Nuzyra (omadacycline)." Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2018):
  26. "Product Information. Aemcolo (rifamycin)." Aries Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2018):
  27. "Product Information. Fetroja (cefiderocol)." Shionogi USA Inc (2019):
  28. "Product Information. Biaxin (clarithromycin)." AbbVie US LLC (2019):
  29. "Product Information. Zithromax (azithromycin)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group (2021):
  30. "Product Information. E.E.S.-400 Filmtab (erythromycin)." Arbor Pharmaceuticals (2018):
  31. "Product Information. Priftin (rifapentine)." sanofi-aventis (2020):

• Acidosis

  Moderate

  Cases of lactic acidosis have been reported with the use of linezolid. Patients who develop recurrent nausea or vomiting, unexplained acidosis, or a low bicarbonate level while receiving linezolid should receive immediate medical evaluation.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Cerebrovascular Disorders

  Moderate

  Linezolid is a weak, reversible, nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Nonspecific MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of pressor amines, the accumulation of which can precipitate hypertensive crises. Intracranial hemorrhage and death have been reported with MAOI antidepressants. While adverse effects related to MAOI activity have not been reported with linezolid, the potential for severe hypertension should be considered. Therapy with linezolid should be administered cautiously in patients with cerebro- or cardiovascular disease, pheochromocytoma, or untreated hyperthyroidism. Clinical data are not available concerning the use of linezolid in this population. As a precaution, patients should have their blood pressure monitored during therapy and observed for signs and symptoms of a hypertensive reaction (e.g., occipital headache which may radiate frontally; palpitation; neck stiffness or soreness; nausea or vomiting; perspiration associated with fever or cold, clammy skin; mydriasis; photophobia; constricting chest pain).

  2 sources

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  2. Clemett D, Markham A "Linezolid." Drugs 59 (2000): 815-27

• Diseases requiring hemodialysis

  Moderate

  Linezolid is partially removed by hemodialysis and should be administered after dialysis.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Hypertension

  Moderate

  Linezolid should not be administered to patients with uncontrolled hypertension, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis and/or patients taking any medication that could affect the pressor response unless patients are being monitored for potential increases in blood pressure. Caution and close monitoring are recommended when prescribing this agent to these patients.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Hypoglycemia

  Moderate

  Cases of symptomatic hypoglycemia have been reported in diabetic patients receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents when treated with linezolid. Caution and close monitoring are recommended when prescribing this agent to a patient with diabetes mellitus.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Kidney Diseases

  Moderate

  Linezolid is primarily metabolized by the liver and subsequently eliminated by the kidney. The pharmacokinetics of the parent drug are not altered in patients with impaired renal function and, therefore, no dosage adjustments are necessary. However, accumulation of the two primary metabolites may occur in such patients, the amount of which increases with the degree of renal impairment. The clinical significance of metabolite accumulation has not been determined. Therapy with linezolid should be administered cautiously in patients with renal impairment and only if benefits outweigh the potential risks.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Liver Diseases

  Moderate

  Linezolid is primarily metabolized by the liver. The pharmacokinetics of linezolid are not altered in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A or B) and, therefore, no dosage adjustments are necessary. Pharmacokinetic data are not available for patients with severe hepatic impairment. Therapy with linezolid should be administered cautiously in such patients.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome

  Moderate

  Linezolid is a weak, reversible, nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Nonspecific MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of pressor amines, including serotonin, and may exacerbate symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. While adverse effects related to MAOI activity have not been reported with linezolid, the potential for excessive serotonergic effects should be considered. Therapy with linezolid should be administered cautiously in patients with carcinoid syndrome and in patients receiving serotonergic agents. Clinical data are not available concerning the use of linezolid in these populations.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

  Moderate

  Peripheral and optic neuropathies have been reported in patients treated with linezolid. If patients experience symptoms of visual impairment, such as changes in visual acuity, changes in color vision, blurred vision, or visual field defect, prompt ophthalmic evaluation is recommended. Visual function should be monitored in all patients taking linezolid for extended periods and in all patients reporting new visual symptoms regardless of length of therapy with linezolid. If peripheral or optic neuropathy occurs, the continued use of linezolid in these patients should be weighed against the potential risks.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):

• Seizures

  Moderate

  Caution is recommended when prescribing linezolid to patients with a history of seizures or risk factors for seizures as convulsions have been reported with the use of this agent. Close monitoring is recommended.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Zyvox (linezolid)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):