Midazolam interactions

Food & lifestyle

• alcohol

  Moderate

  Synergy · Metabolism

  The pharmacologic activity of oral midazolam, triazolam, and alprazolam may be increased if taken after drinking grapefruit juice. The proposed mechanism is CYP450 3A4 enzyme inhibition. In addition, acute alcohol ingestion may potentiate CNS depression and other CNS effects of many benzodiazepines. Tolerance may develop with chronic ethanol use. The mechanism may be decreased clearance of the benzodiazepines because of CYP450 hepatic enzyme inhibition. Also, it has been suggested that the cognitive deficits induced by benzodiazepines may be increased in patients who chronically consume large amounts of alcohol.

  What to do: The manufacturer recommends that grapefruit juice should not be taken with oral midazolam. Patients taking triazolam or alprazolam should be monitored for excessive sedation. Alternatively, the patient could consume orange juice which does not interact with these drugs. Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol during benzodiazepine therapy.

  7 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  4. "Grapefruit juice interactions with drugs." Med Lett Drugs Ther 37 (1995): 73-4
  5. Kupferschmidt HHT, Ha HR, Ziegler WH, Meier PJ, Krahenbuhl S "Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans." Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 (1995): 20-8
  6. Hukkinen SK, Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ "Plasma concentrations of triazolam are increased by concomitant ingestion of grapefruit juice." Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 (1995): 127-31
  7. Bailey DG, Dresser GR, Kreeft JH, Munoz C, Freeman DJ, Bend JR "Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: Effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients." Clin Pharmacol Ther 68 (2000): 468-77

• grapefruit juice

  Moderate

  Metabolism

  The pharmacologic activity of oral midazolam, triazolam, and alprazolam may be increased if taken after drinking grapefruit juice. The proposed mechanism is CYP450 3A4 enzyme inhibition. In addition, acute alcohol ingestion may potentiate CNS depression and other CNS effects of many benzodiazepines. Tolerance may develop with chronic ethanol use. The mechanism may be decreased clearance of the benzodiazepines because of CYP450 hepatic enzyme inhibition. Also, it has been suggested that the cognitive deficits induced by benzodiazepines may be increased in patients who chronically consume large amounts of alcohol.

  What to do: The manufacturer recommends that grapefruit juice should not be taken with oral midazolam. Patients taking triazolam or alprazolam should be monitored for excessive sedation. Alternatively, the patient could consume orange juice which does not interact with these drugs. Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol during benzodiazepine therapy.

  7 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  4. "Grapefruit juice interactions with drugs." Med Lett Drugs Ther 37 (1995): 73-4
  5. Kupferschmidt HHT, Ha HR, Ziegler WH, Meier PJ, Krahenbuhl S "Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans." Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 (1995): 20-8
  6. Hukkinen SK, Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ "Plasma concentrations of triazolam are increased by concomitant ingestion of grapefruit juice." Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 (1995): 127-31
  7. Bailey DG, Dresser GR, Kreeft JH, Munoz C, Freeman DJ, Bend JR "Grapefruit-felodipine interaction: Effect of unprocessed fruit and probable active ingredients." Clin Pharmacol Ther 68 (2000): 468-77

Conditions

Conditions in which Midazolam needs care, as documented in this source.

• Alcoholic Intoxication

  Major

  The use of benzodiazepines with alcohol is not recommended. Patients with acute alcohol intoxication exhibit depressed vital signs. The central nervous system depressant effects of benzodiazepines may be additive with those of alcohol, and severe respiratory depression and death may occur. Therapy with benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously in patients who might be prone to acute alcohol intake.

  14 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 14 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  11. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Onfi (clobazam)." Lundbeck Inc (2011):

• Alcoholic Intoxication

  Major

  Injectable midazolam should not be administered in adult or pediatric patients in shock or coma or in acute alcohol intoxication with depression of vital signs. Particular care should be exercised in the use of intravenous midazolam in patients with uncompensated acute illnesses, such as severe fluid or electrolyte disturbances.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):

• Glaucoma, Angle-Closure

  Major

  The manufacturers consider the use of benzodiazepines to be contraindicated in patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma or untreated open-angle glaucoma. These agents do not possess anticholinergic activity but have very rarely been associated with increased intraocular pressure.

  14 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 14 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  11. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  14. Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW; Randall JA "Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects" Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann (2001):

• Heart Failure

  Major

  In patients with congestive heart failure, there appears to be a two-fold increase in the elimination half-life, a 25% decrease in the plasma clearance, and a 40% increase in the volume of distribution of midazolam. Therapy with midazolam should be administered cautiously at reduced initial dosages in patients with congestive heart failure, particularly if they are elderly. The possibility of profound and/or prolonged effect should be considered.

  2 sources

  1. Patel IH, Soni PP, Fukuda EK, Smith DF, Leier CV, Boudoulas H "The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in patients with congestive heart failure." Br J Clin Pharmacol 29 (1990): 565-9
  2. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):

• Hypotension

  Major

  Benzodiazepines should not be administered by injection to patients in shock or coma. The hypnotic and hypotensive effects of these agents may be prolonged and intensified in such patients.

  5 sources

  1. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Byfavo (remimazolam)." Acacia Pharma, Inc (2020):

• Liver Diseases

  Major

  Midazolam is metabolized by the liver, and the metabolites are excreted in the urine. Reduced drug clearance and prolonged elimination half-life of parent drug and metabolites have been reported in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment. Therapy with midazolam should be administered cautiously at reduced initial dosages in such patients. The possibility of profound and/or prolonged effect should be considered.

  5 sources

  1. Trouvin JH, Farinotti R, Haberer JP, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in anaesthetized cirrhotic patients." Br J Anaesth 60 (1988): 762-7
  2. Vinik HR, Reves JG, Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Smith LR "The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in chronic renal failure patients." Anesthesiology 59 (1983): 390-4
  3. MacGilchrist AJ, Birnie GG, Cook A, Scobie G, Murray T, Watkinson G, Brodie MJ "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous midazolam in patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis." Gut 27 (1986): 190-5
  4. Calvo R, Suarez E, Rodriguez-Sasiain JM, Martinez I "The influence of renal failure on the kinetics of intravenous midazolam: an "in vitro" and "in vivo" study." Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 78 (1992): 311-20
  5. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):

• Premature Birth

  Major

  Parenteral medications formulated in multidose vials often contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Their use is considered by drug manufacturers to be contraindicated in neonates, particularly premature infants and infants of low birth weight. When used in bacteriostatic saline intravascular flush and endotracheal tube lavage solutions, benzyl alcohol has been associated with fatalities and severe respiratory and metabolic complications in low-birth-weight premature infants. Thus, single-dose formulations should always be used in infants whenever possible. However, many experts feel that, in the absence of benzyl alcohol-free equivalents, the amount of the preservative present in these formulations should not necessarily preclude their use if they are clearly indicated. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers benzyl alcohol in low doses (such as when used as a preservative in some medications) to be safe for newborns. However, the administration of high dosages of these medications must take into account the total amount of benzyl alcohol administered. The level at which toxicity may occur is unknown.

  6 sources

  1. "Product Information. Fragmin (dalteparin)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  2. "Product Information. Mesnex (mesna)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  3. "Product Information. Mivacron (mivacurium)." Glaxo Wellcome (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Nuromax (doxacurium)." Glaxo Wellcome (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Tracrium (atracurium)." Glaxo Wellcome (2001):
  6. ""Inactive" ingredients in pharmaceutical products: update (subject review). American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Available from: URL: http://www.aap.org/policy/re9706.html." Pediatrics 99 (1997): 268-78

• Respiratory Insufficiency

  Major

  Benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression and apnea, usually when given in high dosages and/or by intravenous administration. However, some patients may be susceptible at commonly used dosages, including the elderly, debilitated or severely ill patients, those receiving other CNS depressants, and those with limited ventilatory reserve, chronic pulmonary insufficiency or other respiratory disorders. Therapy with benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously in these patients. Appropriate monitoring and individualization of dosage are particularly important, and equipment for resuscitation should be immediately available if the parenteral route is used. Benzodiazepines, especially injectable formulations, should generally be avoided in patients with sleep apnea, severe respiratory insufficiency, or hypoxia.

  31 sources

  1. Iber FL, Livak A, Kruss DM "Apnea and cardiopulmonary arrest during and after endoscopy." J Clin Gastroenterol 14 (1992): 109-13
  2. Cohen S, Khan A "Respiratory distress with use of lorazepam in mania." J Clin Psychopharmacol 7 (1987): 199-200
  3. Donaldson D, Gibson G "System complications with intravenous diazepam." Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Patho 49 (1980): 126-30
  4. Eldridge PR, Punt JA "Risks associated with giving benzodiazepines to patients with acute neurological injuries." Br Med J 300 (1990): 1189-90
  5. Man GC, Hsu K, Sproule BJ "Effect of alprazolam on exercise and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Chest 90 (1986): 832-6
  6. Mendelson WB, Weingartner H, Greenblatt DJ, Garnett D, Gillin JC "A clinical study of flurazepam." Sleep 5 (1982): 350-60
  7. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):

  Show all 31 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  12. Pierce MW, Shu VS, Groves LJ "Safety of estazolam. The United States clinical experience." Am J Med 88 (1990): s12-7
  13. Skatrud JB, Badr S, Begle RL, Juan D "Ventilatory response to single, high dose estazolam in healthy humans." J Clin Pharmacol 30 (1990): 543-8
  14. Sullivan RJ, Jr "Respiratory depression requiring ventilatory support following 0.5 mg of triazolam." J Am Geriatr Soc 37 (1989): 450-2
  15. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  17. Model DG, Berry DJ "Effects of chlordiazepoxide in respiratory failure due to chronic bronchitis." Lancet 2 (1974): 869-70
  18. Dixon D "Respiratory depression following midazolam." Anaesthesia 40 (1985): 922
  19. Yakel DL, Jr Whittaker SE, Elstad MR "Midazolam-induced angioedema and bronchoconstriction." Crit Care Med 20 (1992): 307-8
  20. Berggren L, Eriksson I, Mollenholt P, Sunzel M "Changes in respiratory pattern after repeated doses of diazepam and midazolam in healthy subjects." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31 (1987): 667-72
  21. Taylor JW, Simon KB "Possible intramuscular midazolam-associated cardiorespiratory arrest and death." DICP 24 (1990): 695-7
  22. Munoz HR, Dagnino JA, Rufs JA, Bugedo GJ "Benzodiazepine premedication causes hypoxemia during spinal anesthesia in geriatric patients." Reg Anesth 17 (1992): 139-42
  23. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  26. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  27. Murphy PJ, Erskine R, Langton JA "The effect of intravenously administered diazepam, midazolam and flumazenil on the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes." Anaesthesia 49 (1994): 105-10
  28. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  30. Berry RB, Kouchi K, Bower J, Prosise G, Light RW "Triazolam in patients with obstructive sleep apnea." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 (1995): 450-4
  31. "Product Information. Byfavo (remimazolam)." Acacia Pharma, Inc (2020):

• Seizures

  Major

  The use of benzodiazepines in patients with seizure disorders may increase the incidence or precipitate the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal). Appropriate anticonvulsant medication might need to be initiated or the dosage increased. Abrupt cessation of benzodiazepine therapy may precipitate seizures and other withdrawal symptoms, particularly after prolonged use and/or excessive dosages. Status epilepticus may occur in patients with a history of seizures withdrawn rapidly from benzodiazepine therapy. Following chronic administration, cessation of benzodiazepine therapy should occur gradually with incrementally reduced dosages. Patients should be advised not to discontinue medication without first consulting with the physician.

  35 sources

  1. Ananth J "Abstinence syndrome from therapeutic doses of oxazepam." Can J Psychiatry 28 (1983): 592
  2. Wilbur R, Kulik AV "Abstinence syndrome from therapeutic doses of oxazepam." Can J Psychiatry 28 (1983): 298-300
  3. Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, et al. "Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines." N Engl J Med 315 (1986): 854-9
  4. Hersch EL, Billings RF "Acute confusional state with status petit mal as a withdrawal syndrome: and five year follow-up." Can J Psychiatry 33 (1988): 157-9
  5. Howe JG "Lorazepam withdrawal seizures." Br Med J 280 (1980): 1163-4
  6. Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, Jacoby JA, Kales JD "Lorazepam: effects on sleep and withdrawal phenomena." Pharmacology 32 (1986): 121-30
  7. Robinson GM, Sellers EM "Diazepam withdrawal seizures." Can Med Assoc J 126 (1982): 944-5
  8. Browne JL, Hauge KJ "A review of alprazolam withdrawal." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20 (1986): 837-41

  Show all 35 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Ghadirian AM, Gauthier S, Wong T "Convulsions in patients abruptly withdrawn from clonazepam while receiving neuroleptic medication ." Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 686
  10. Hauser P, Devinsky O, De Bellis M, Theodore WH, Post RM "Benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium with catatonic features. Occurrence in patients with partial seizure disorders." Arch Neurol 46 (1989): 696-9
  11. Specht U, Boenigk HE, Wolf P "Discontinuation of clonazepam after long-term treatment." Epilepsia 30 (1989): 458-63
  12. Alvarez N, Hartford E, Doubt C "Epileptic seizures induced by clonazepam." Clin Electroencephalogr 12 (1981): 57-65
  13. Berlin RM, Conell LJ "Withdrawal symptoms after long-term treatment with therapeutic doses of flurazepam: a case report." Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983): 488-90
  14. Bond WS, Schwartz M "Withdrawal reactions after long-term treatment with flurazepam." Clin Pharm 3 (1984): 316-8
  15. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  16. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  17. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  18. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  20. Tien AY, Gujavarty KS "Seizure following withdrawal from triazolam." Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1516-7
  21. Patterson WM "Triazolam withdrawal." J Clin Psychiatry 49 (1988): 369
  22. Schneider LS, Syapin PJ, Pawluczyk S "Seizures following triazolam withdrawal despite benzodiazepine treatment." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 418-9
  23. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  25. Ryan GP, Boisse NR "Experimental induction of benzodiazepine tolerance and physical dependence." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 226 (1983): 100-7
  26. Petursson H, Lader MH "Benzodiazepine dependence." Br J Addict 76 (1981): 133-45
  27. Finley PR, Nolan PE, Jr "Precipitation of benzodiazepine withdrawal following sudden discontinuation of midazolam." DICP 23 (1989): 151-2
  28. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  31. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  32. Roy-Byrne PP, Sullivan MD, Cowley DS, Ries RK "Adjunctive treatment of benzodiazepine discontinuation syndromes - a review." J Psychiatr Res 27 Suppl (1993): 143-53
  33. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  34. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  35. Frattola L, Garreau M, Piolti R, Bassi S, Albizzati MG, Borghi C, Morselli PL "Comparison of the efficacy, safety and withdrawal of alpidem and alprazolam in anxious patients." Br J Psychiatry 165 (1994): 94-100

• Depressive Disorder

  Moderate

  Benzodiazepines depress the central nervous system and may cause or exacerbate mental depression and cause suicidal behavior and ideation. Episodes of mania and hypomania have also been reported in depressed patients treated with some of these agents. Therapy with benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously in patients with a history of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Patients should be monitored for any changes in mood or behavior. It may be prudent to refrain from dispensing large quantities of medication to these patients.

  13 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 13 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  11. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Onfi (clobazam)." Lundbeck Inc (2011):

• Obesity

  Moderate

  The plasma half-lives of benzodiazepines may be prolonged in obese patients, presumably due to increased distribution into fat. Marked increases in distribution (> 100%) have been reported for diazepam and midazolam, and moderate increases (25% to 100%) for alprazolam, lorazepam, and oxazepam. Therapy with benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously in obese patients, with careful monitoring of CNS status. Longer dosing intervals may be appropriate. When dosing by weight, loading doses should be based on actual body weight, while maintenance dose should be based on ideal body weight to avoid toxicity.

  14 sources

  1. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 14 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  11. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  14. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):

• Psychotic Disorders

  Moderate

  Paradoxical reactions, including excitability, irritability, aggressive behavior, agitation, nervousness, hostility, anxiety, sleep disturbances, nightmares and vivid dreams, have been reported with the use of benzodiazepines in psychiatric patients and pediatric patients with hyperactive aggressive disorders. Such patients should be monitored for signs of paradoxical stimulation during therapy with benzodiazepines. The manufacturers do not recommend the use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of psychosis.

  35 sources

  1. French AP "Dangerously aggressive behavior as a side effect of alprazolam." Am J Psychiatry 146 (1989): 276
  2. Goodman WK, Charney DS "A case of alprazolam, but not lorazepam, inducing manic symptoms." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 117-8
  3. Edwards JG, Inman WH, Pearce GL, Rawson NS "Prescription-event monitoring of 10,895 patients treated with alprazolam." Br J Psychiatry 158 (1991): 387-92
  4. Wysowski DK, Barash D "Adverse behavioral reactions attributed to triazolam in the Food and Drug Administration's Spontaneous Reporting System." Arch Intern Med 151 (1991): 2003-8
  5. Bixler EO, Kales A, Brubaker BH, Kales JD "Adverse reactions to benzodiazepine hypnotics: spontaneous reporting system." Pharmacology 35 (1987): 286-300
  6. Cohen LS, Rosenbaum JF "Clonazepam: new uses and potential problems." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 50-6
  7. White MC, Silverman JJ, Harbison JW "Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm." J Nerv Ment Dis 170 (1982): 117-9
  8. Dorevitch A "Mania associated with clonazepam." DICP 25 (1991): 938-9

  Show all 35 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Marchevsky S, Isaacs G, Nitzan I "Behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam." Gen Hosp Psychiatry 10 (1988): 447
  10. Binder RL "Three case reports of behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam." Gen Hosp Psychiatry 9 (1987): 151-3
  11. Koczerginski D, Kennedy SH, Swinson RP "Clonazepam and lithium--a toxic combination in the treatment of mania?" Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (1989): 195-9
  12. Fava M, Borofsky GF "Sexual disinhibition during treatment with a benzodiazepine: a case report." Int J Psychiatry Med 21 (1991): 99-104
  13. Cunningham TA "Letter: Adverse reaction to flurazepam." Can Med Assoc J 112 (1975): 805
  14. Pollack MH "Clonazepam: a review of open clinical trials." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 12-5
  15. "Product Information. Xanax (alprazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2002):
  16. "Product Information. Valium (diazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2002):
  17. "Product Information. Ativan (lorazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  18. "Product Information. Serax (oxazepam)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Restoril (temazepam)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  20. Karch FE "Rage reaction associated with clorazepate dipotassium." Ann Intern Med 91 (1979): 61-2
  21. Weilburg JB, Sachs G, Falk WE "Triazolam-induced brief episodes of secondary mania in a depressed patient." J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987): 492-3
  22. Rothschild AJ "Disinhibition, amnestic reactions, and other adverse reactions secondary to triazolam: a review of the literature." J Clin Psychiatry 53 (1992): 69-79
  23. Schogt B, Conn D "Paranoid symptoms associated with triazolam." Can J Psychiatry 30 (1985): 462-3
  24. "Product Information. Halcion (triazolam)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Dalmane (flurazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  26. Viscott DS "Chlordiazepoxide and hallucinations. Report of cases." Arch Gen Psychiatry 19 (1968): 370-6
  27. Fiset L, Milgrom P, Beirne OR, Roy-Byrne P "Disinhibition of behaviors with midazolam: report of a case." J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50 (1992): 645-9
  28. Lobo BL, Miwa LJ "Midazolam disinhibition reaction." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 22 (1988): 725
  29. "Product Information. Tranxene (clorazepate)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Klonopin (clonazepam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  31. "Product Information. Prosom (estazolam)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2022):
  32. "Product Information. Librium (chlordiazepoxide)." Roche Laboratories (2001):
  33. Rush CR, Higgins ST, Hughes JR, Bickel WK "A comparison of the acute behavioral effects of triazolam and temazepam in normal volunteers." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 112 (1993): 407-14
  34. "Product Information. Doral (quazepam)." Wallace Laboratories (2001):
  35. "Product Information. Versed (midazolam)." Roche Laboratories (2001):

Therapeutic duplication

Drug classes that overlap with Midazolam, so taking both doubles up the same effect. This source publishes no per-row citations for duplication.

• benzodiazepines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'benzodiazepines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'benzodiazepines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Librax

• benzodiazepines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'benzodiazepines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'benzodiazepines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Limbitrol ds

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Phrenilin with caffeine and codeine

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Phrenilin

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Butabarbital/hyoscyamine/phenazopyridine

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Aspirin/butalbital/caffeine/codeine

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Micrainin

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Nodolor

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Laniroif

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Nonbac

• tranquilizers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'tranquilizers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'tranquilizers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Phenohytro